SSTDR for PV and Impedance Measurement

SSTDR for PV & Impedance Measurement

In this project, we are using Spectral Time Domain Reflectometry (STDR) and Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) to locate faults on PV systems.

 

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Short URL: bit.ly/PVSSTDR

 

 

 

Photovoltaics

 

 

Gazda, Nikodem, Brian Paulsen, Ayobami Edun, Cynthia Furse, and Joel B. Harley. "Reducing the Effects of Rain and Moisture on Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry Monitoring of Photovoltaics." IEEE Sensors Journal (2024).

 

Senior Design Projects 2022-2023: 

Bioelectromagnetics: Chase Griswold, Mitch Nelson

SSTDR:  Cade Boynton, Andrew Peterson Links to an external site., Jack Berry Links to an external site., Miranda Cardenas Links to an external site.

ECE 3300 Lab updates: Sarah Murdock, Miguel Gomez

 

Cody LaFlamme, Cynthia Furse, Joel B. Harley, “Ground Faults in Photovoltaics: Sstdr for Characterization, Detection, and Location,” ASME 2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE2022), July 25-27, 2022, San Diego, CA

 

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 PVPMC_2022_poster(2).pdf Download PVPMC_2022_poster(2).pdf

 Samuel Hansen, Robbie Barker, Evan Benoit, Joey Brignone, Derek Dyreng, Ayobami Edun, Farhad Elyasi Chamazkoti, Nikodem Gazda, Julio Gutierrez, Samuel Kingston, Cody LaFlamme, Ivan Nikishov, Brian Paulsen, Hailee Sumpter, Zachary Wilkerson, Mashad Saleh, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, Paul K. Kuhn, Cynthia M. Furse, “Fault Detection and Location on Photovoltaic Systems using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry Download Fault Detection and Location on Photovoltaic Systems using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry,” PV Performance Modeling Collaborative (PVPMC) workshop, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 23-24, 2022

 

Senior Design Projects 2021-2022: SSTDR PV Testing

 

Ayobami S. Edun, Cody LaFlamme, Samuel Kingston, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Anomaly detection of SSTDR signals using Variational Autoencoders," accepted to IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021 Download Ayobami S. Edun, Cody LaFlamme, Samuel Kingston, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Anomaly detection of SSTDR signals using Variational Autoencoders," accepted to IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021

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Samuel Kingston, Cody LaFlamme, Mashad U. Saleh, Hunter Ellis, Evan Benoit, Ayobami Edun, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) Digital Twin Simulation of Photovoltaic Systems for Fault Detection and Location Links to an external site.," Progress in Electromagnetics Research (PIERS-B), Vol. 94, pp. 105-126, Jan. 2021

 

Cody LaFlamme,  Evan Benoit, Ayobami Edun, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Quantifying the Environmental Sensitivity of SSTDR Signals for Monitoring PV Strings," IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics,2021 Download Cody LaFlamme,  Evan Benoit, Ayobami Edun, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Quantifying the Environmental Sensitivity of SSTDR Signals for Monitoring PV Strings," IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics,2021

Zachary K. Wilkerson, Ayobami S. Edun, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, “Scale Transform Signal Processing for Reducing the Effect of Rain on SSTDR Signals,” ICEAA 2021 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Hybrid Format, Honolulu, HI, May 17-20, 2021 Download Zachary K. Wilkerson, Ayobami S. Edun, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, “Scale Transform Signal Processing for Reducing the Effect of Rain on SSTDR Signals,” ICEAA 2021 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Hybrid Format, Honolulu, HI, May 17-20, 2021

Ayobami Edun, Cody LaFlamme, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley "Health Monitoring of Solar Arrays with Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Variational Autoencoders," Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021 Download Ayobami Edun, Cody LaFlamme, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley "Health Monitoring of Solar Arrays with Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Variational Autoencoders," Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021

Cody LaFlamme, Ayobami Edun, Evan Benoit, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, “Baseline Signal Learning for SSTDR Fault Detection in Photovoltaic Strings,” Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021

Alexander Charters, Paul K. Kuhn, Hunter Ellis, Dawn Sweeny, Marc Fobair, Joel Harley, "Feasibility of using SSTDR to Monitor Battery Cell Degradation," Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021 Download Alexander Charters, Paul K. Kuhn, Hunter Ellis, Dawn Sweeny, Marc Fobair, Joel Harley, "Feasibility of using SSTDR to Monitor Battery Cell Degradation," Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021

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Ayobami S. Edun, Samuel Kingston, Cody LaFlamme, Evan Benoit, Michael R. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, "Detection and Localization of Disconnections in a Large-Scale String of Photovoltaics using SSTDR," IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2021 Download yobami S. Edun, Samuel Kingston, Cody LaFlamme, Evan Benoit, Michael R. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, "Detection and Localization of Disconnections in a Large-Scale String of Photovoltaics using SSTDR," IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2021

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View the video:

https://youtu.be/i Links to an external site.XMXbGNox3Q Links to an external site.

Hunter Ellis, Cody LaFlamme, James R. Nagel, Joel Harley, Cynthia M. Furse, "Signals Passing through Asymmetric faults in Transmission Lines," IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021 Download Hunter Ellis, Cody LaFlamme, James R. Nagel, Joel Harley, Cynthia M. Furse, "Signals Passing through Asymmetric faults in Transmission Lines," IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021

Hunter Ellis, Cody Laflamme Cynthia Furse, James Nagel, “Describing Asymmetric Faults with Multiconductor Transmission Lines for SSTDR,” National Radio Science Meeting (NRSM), Jan. 4-9, 2021 (online)

Download the code HERE Links to an external site..

 

Mashad Uddin Saleh, Chris Deline, Evan Benoit, Samuel Kingston, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael Scarpulla, "Detection and Localization of Damaged Photovoltaic Cells and Modules Using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry," IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 11(1), pp. 195-201, Jan. 2021, Print ISSN: 2156-3381, Online ISSN: 2156-3403, DOI: 1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3030185 Links to an external site.

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Download Evan Benoit, Jack Mismash, Samuel Kingston, Ayobami Edun, Hunter Ellis, Cody LaFlamme, Michael Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia Furse, “Quantifying the Window of Uncertainty for SSTDR Measurements of a Photovoltaic System,” accepted to IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021

 

Download Ayobami S. Edun, Cody LaFlamme, Samuel Kingston, Harsha Tatali, Evan Benoit, Cynthia Furse, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, "Finding Faults in PV Systems: Supervised Unsupervised Dictionary Learning Approaches with SSTDR," accepted to IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020

View and Download this code: https://codeocean.com/capsule/4458938/tree Links to an external site.

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Download Hunter Ellis, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Samuel Kingston, Joel B. Harley, Michael A. Scarpulla, Evan Benoit, Cynthia M. Furse, "A Model for SSTDR Signal Propagation through Photovoltaic String," accepted to IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2020

[Associated Source Code: Hunter Ellis, Naveen K. T. Jayakumar, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia Furse (2020) SSTDR Full System Simulation Using a Systematic Solution Procedure Links to an external site.. https://doi.org/10.24433/CO.1490714.v1]

 

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Cynthia Furse, Moussa Kafal, Reza Rezzaghi, Yong-June Shin, "Fault Diagnosis for Electrical Systems and Power Networks: A Review," accepted to Special Issue IEEE Sensors Journal Download Cynthia Furse, Moussa Kafal, Reza Rezzaghi, Yong-June Shin, "Fault Diagnosis for Electrical Systems and Power Networks: A Review," accepted to Special Issue IEEE Sensors Journal

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Download Michael Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectivity for String Monitoring in PV Power Plants," Department of Energy Solar Energy Technology Office Peer Review, District of Columbia, April 6-7, 2020.

VIDEO of SSTDR tests on 1kV systems at NREL

https://youtu.be/gSlq5NEpstk Links to an external site.

Ayobami Edun, Cody LaFlamme, Mashad U. Saleh, Samuel Kingston, Evan Beniot, Hunter Ellis, Jack Mismash, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, “Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectivity to Detect and Locate Disconnects in Large-Scale PV Arrays”, PV Reliability Workshop, Denver, CO, February 25-29, 2020

 

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Download Mashad Uddin Saleh, Chris Deline, Kent Terwilliger, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, Michael Scarpulla, “An Overview of Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry Responses to Photovoltaic Faults" accepted to IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.2972356

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Download Mashad Uddin Saleh, Joel Harley, Member, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Samuel Kingston, Evan Benoit, Michael Scarpulla, Cynthia Furse, "Reflectometry on Asymmetric Transmission Line Systems,” accepted to Progress in Electromagnetics Research (PIER-M)

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Download Ayobami S. Edun, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Samuel Kingston, Cynthia Furse, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry with Lumped Elements on Asymmetric Transmission Lines," accepted to IEEE Journal of Sensors

View and Download this code: https://codeocean.com/capsule/5338695/tree Links to an external site. 

Joel B. Harley, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Samuel Kingston, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, "Fast Transient Simulations for Multi-Segment Transmission Lines with a Graphical Model,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 165 (2019), pp. 67-82. http://www.jpier.org/PIER/pier.php?paper=19042105 Links to an external site.

Source Code https://doi.org/10.24433/CO.8214677.v1 Links to an external site..

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Download Mashad Uddin Saleh, Christopher Deline, Samuel Kingston, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Evan Benoit, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia Furse, Mike Scarpulla,"Detection and Localization of Disconnections in PV Strings Using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry," accepted to the IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. DOI 1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2953392

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Download Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Evan Benoit, Josiah Lacombe, Michael Scarpulla, Cynthia Furse, “Fault Detection In PV Strings Using SSTDR,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Boston , MA, 2018.

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Download Mashad Uddin Saleh, Josiah LaCombe, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Samuel Kingston, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, Mike Scarpulla, “Signal Propagation Through Piecewise Transmission Lines for Interpretation of Reflectometry in Photovoltaic Systems,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics (JPV), 9(2), 2019, pp. 506-512

Mashad Uddin Saleh, Chris Deline, Kent Terwilliger, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, Michael Scarpulla, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Detecting Accelerated Degradation in Photovoltaic Cells," IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists' Conference (PVSC), Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019

Download Mashad Uddin Saleh, Christopher Deline, Naveen Kumar, Evan Benoit, Samuel Kingston, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, Mike Scarpulla, "Detection and Localization of Disconnections in PV Strings Using SSTDR", 2019 NREL PV Reliability Workshop, Feb 26-28, 2019, Lakewood, CO, USA. (1st place award)


Samuel Kingston, Ayobami Edun, Evan Beniot, Naveen K. T. Jayakumar, Mashad U. Saleh, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, “Simulating the Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry Responses of Photovoltaic Cells to Detect and Locate Faults,” PV Reliability Workshop, Denver, CO, February 26-31, 2019

Evan Benoit, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Samuel Kingston, Mashad U. Saleh, Michael Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia Furse, “Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Complex Impedance Fault Detection,” PV Reliability Workshop, Denver, CO, February 26-31, 2019

Samuel Kingston, Evan Benoit, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Josiah LaCombe, Mashad Saleh, Michael A. Scarpulla, Cynthia M. Furse, Joel B. Harley, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry used for Detecting and Locating Electrical Faults in Solar Panels and Connecting Cables with Arbitrary Impedances," Qualitative Non-Destructive Evaluation (QNDE) Conference, July 16-19, 2018, Burlington, VT

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Download (Invited Paper) Cynthia Furse, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Evan Benoit, Mashad Saleh, Josiah LaCombe, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, Samuel Kingston, Brent Waddoups, Chris Levine, “Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Complex Impedances: Application to PV Arrays,” IEEE AutoTestCon 2018, Sept 17-20, National Harbor, MD

Mashad Uddin Saleh, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Josiah Lacombe, Evan Benoit, Cynthia Furse, Mike Scarpulla, 'Modeling SSTDR Localization of Faults in PV Strings: Constructing a Frequency-Dependent Model of Signal Propagation', 2018 NREL Photovoltaic Reliability Workshop (PVRW). 3rd place student paper prize.

 

Impedance Measurement

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Evan Benoit, Samuel Hansen, Samuel Kingston, Joel B. Harley, and Cynthia Furse, "Capability of Impedance Measurement using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry," accepted to IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023 Download Evan Benoit, Samuel Hansen, Samuel Kingston, Joel B. Harley, and Cynthia Furse, "Capability of Impedance Measurement using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry," accepted to IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023

 

Evan Benoit, Joel B. Harley, and Cynthia Furse, "Evaluation of Impedance Measurement using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 72, 2023 Download Evan Benoit, Joel B. Harley, and Cynthia Furse, "Evaluation of Impedance Measurement using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 72, 2023

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Evan Benoit, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Samuel Kingston, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, "Applicability of SSTDR Analysis of Complex Loads," IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, July 7-12, 2019 Download Evan Benoit, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Samuel Kingston, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, "Applicability of SSTDR Analysis of Complex Loads," IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, July 7-12, 2019

 

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Download Samuel Kingston, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Mashad U. Saleh, Evan Benoit, Ayobami S. Edun, Rujun Sun, Cynthia Furse, Michael Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Measurement of Capacitance in PV Cells using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) and Dictionary Matching,” accepted to IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020


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Download Samuel R. Kingston, Hunter Ellis, Mashad U. Saleh, Evan J. Benoit, Ayobami Edun, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Steepest Descent Inversion to Measure Complex Impedance," accepted to ACES Journal, 2021

 

Samuel Jerel Hansen, Evan Benoit, Joseph Brignone, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia M. Furse, “Measuring Impedance with Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry,” accepted to IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Denver, July 10-15, 2022 Download Samuel Jerel Hansen, Evan Benoit, Joseph Brignone, Joel B. Harley, Cynthia M. Furse, “Measuring Impedance with Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry,” accepted to IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Denver, July 10-15, 2022

https://youtu.be/PfyLmP8pZOo Links to an external site.

Farhad Elyasichamazkoti Links to an external site., Evan Benoit, Dawn Sweeney, Cynthia Furse, "Machine Learning for Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry Impedance Measurement Download Machine Learning for Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry Impedance Measurement," Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021

  https://youtu.be/7nFj5W7wDo4 Links to an external site.

Evan Benoit, Cynthia Furse, “A Broadband S/SSTDR-VNA for Energized Circuits”, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Singapore (and virtual), Dec. 4-10, 2021 Download Evan Benoit, Cynthia Furse, “A Broadband S/SSTDR-VNA for Energized Circuits”, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Singapore (and virtual), Dec. 4-10, 2021

Cynthia Furse, Evan Benoit, Samuel Hansen, “Towards a Spread Spectrum VNA,” IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (2021 IEEE CAMA), online, Nov. 15-17, 2021 Download Cynthia Furse, Evan Benoit, Samuel Hansen, “Towards a Spread Spectrum VNA,” IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (2021 IEEE CAMA), online, Nov. 15-17, 2021

Video Link: https://youtu.be/0a4I5cr-NDk Links to an external site.

Microwave  Imaging

Signal Processing for Impedance Measurement

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Download Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Evan Benoit, Samuel Kingston, Mashad Uddin Saleh, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, Cynthia Furse, “Post-Processing for Improved Accuracy and Resolution of Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR),” IEEE Sensors Letters, 2019

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Download (Invited Paper) Cynthia Furse, Naveen Kumar Tumkur Jayakumar, Evan Benoit, Mashad Saleh, Josiah LaCombe, Michael Scarpulla, Joel Harley, Samuel Kingston, Brent Waddoups, Chris Levine, “Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for Complex Impedances: Application to PV Arrays,” IEEE AutoTestCon 2018, Sept 17-20, National Harbor, MD

View the video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdRBr-DVZWo&feature=youtu.be Links to an external site.

 

Download Evan Benoit, Cynthia Furse, “Inversion Theory and SSTDR Analysis,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Montreal (moved online), July 5-10, 2020

 


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Download Samuel R. Kingston, Hunter Ellis, Mashad U. Saleh, Evan J. Benoit, Ayobami Edun, Cynthia M. Furse, Michael A. Scarpulla, Joel B. Harley, "Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry and Steepest Descent Inversion to Measure Complex Impedance," accepted to ACES Journal, 2021

https://youtu.be/PfyLmP8pZOo Links to an external site.

Farhad Elyasichamazkoti Links to an external site., Evan Benoit, Dawn Sweeney, Cynthia Furse, "Machine Learning for Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry Impedance Measurement Download Machine Learning for Spread Spectrum Time-Domain Reflectometry Impedance Measurement," Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE), online, July 28-30, 2021

Foundational S/SSTDR Papers

Spectral Time Domain Reflectometery (STDR) uses a pseudo-noise (PN) Code to test electrical systems. Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) uses modulated PN codes. Noise Domain Reflectometry (NDR) uses noise and/or existing signals on the wires. Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) and Multicarrier Reflectometry (MCR) use combinations of sine waves to test electrical systems.

Click HERE to see the foundational papers on S/SSTDR.

Research Team

Acknowledgement

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) Agreement Number DE-EE0008169. This work is also supported by the University of Utah Undergraduate Research Opportunities (UROP) Links to an external site. program, and Mathworks Links to an external site..

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

Dr. C.M. Furse is a co-founder of Livewire Innovation, Links to an external site. Inc. which is commercializing SSTDR technology, and therefore has a financial conflict of interest. Conflicts of interest are reported to and managed by the University of Utah Conflict of Interest Office Links to an external site..